全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)复合对斑马鱼外周血红细胞DNA的损伤

为了评价全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)对水环境及鱼类的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了PFOS和MWCNTs复合对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。将成年斑马鱼暴露于PFOS(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mg·L-1)、MWCNTs(50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+MWCNTs(0.2+50、0.4+50、0.8+50、1.6+50 mg·L-1)和对照溶液中30 d后,断尾取血进行微核试验和彗星试验。结果表明:PFOS和MWCNTs均可造成斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。1.6 mg·L-1PFOS处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长分别为(36.3±0.25)‰、(87.91±14.90)μm和(250.49±34.71)μm。PFOS与MWCNTs复合后,斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤效应明显降低。复合处理组斑马鱼外周血红细胞的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长均低于PFOS单独处理相。1.6 mg·L-1复合处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长比PFOS单独处理组分别降低了24.7%、68.9%、52.4%。因此,在实验浓度范围内,MWCNTs可以降低PFOS对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。     

寒冷地区分散性生活污水处理适用技术推荐

寒冷的气候条件制约着我国北方地区分散性生活污水处理技术的发展。针对北方地区气候条件及经济技术条件,结合国内外研究成果及相关工程实例,对3种污水处理技术进行分析,得出2种适合寒冷地区分散性生活污水处理的实用技术:厌氧滤池/生物接触氧化池净化槽组合、厌氧滤池/人工湿地处理技术组合。     

秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气技术现状进展

秸秆是世界上数量最大的可再生资源,但是秸秆内木质纤维素的复杂结构和难降解性限制了秸秆的应用,因此秸秆预处理成为秸秆发酵产气的重要一环。本文介绍了木质纤维素预处理物理技术、化学技术、生物技术、联合处理技术和秸秆厌氧发酵研究进展,并对秸秆预处理技术前景进行展望。     

被动加标在水生生态风险评价中的应用——以多氯联苯分配系数的测定为例

准确的水生生态风险评价需要可靠的毒性数据,而其获取要求在一定时间范围内,水体中污染物的浓度保持恒定。对疏水性有机污染物进行水体生物毒性测试时,通常采用有机溶剂加标,然而该方式可能因为污染物的挥发和降解、容器壁吸附、生物摄取等问题,水体中污染物浓度持续下降,导致污染物的浓度-效应关系难以明确。近期为了克服这些问题,被动加标用于替代溶剂加标,通过污染物在加标体系中平衡分配来维持精确和恒定的水体浓度,同时还可通过测定加标聚合物中污染物的浓度来监测水体浓度。首先介绍了被动加标方法及其材料选择,讨论了该方法在生态风险评价中的主要应用,包括分配系数的测定、体外细胞测试、体内生物积累及毒性测试,以及沉积物毒性评价等。然后,以测定代表污染物多氯联苯在聚二甲基硅氧烷与水间的分配系数为例,详细说明被动加标的操作流程。最后,讨论了被动加标方法的优缺点,并对其在水生生态风险中的应用前景进行了展望。     

官厅水库上游区域面源型氮磷污染特征

官厅水库是北京市重要的地表水源之一.通过对官厅水库上游区域代表性地表水和沉积物的氮磷含量调查,以及对两个典型地块进行了模拟地表径流的降雨试验,研究了官厅水库上游区域面源型氮磷污染特征.结果表明:官厅水库上游区域大部分的地表水中氮/磷浓度高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中地表水V类水标准限值,地表径...     

基于光纤分布式测温的污水管道入流识别方法研究

针对排水管网物探检测需断水操作和无法对管道内部实时探查的问题,建立了一种基于光纤分布式测温的污水管道入流诊断方法,实现了无干扰条件下污水管道污水和雨水入流实时监控.采用感温光缆对选择的试验管段开展了时空高精度观测(空间精度1m、时间精度1min),获得了超过118万个管道水温数据.基于解析出的管道水温时空图像,提出了基于水温温差背景噪声值的入流定位方法;确定出无外部入流影响时管道水温空间和时间温差的背景噪声值分别约为±0.2℃和±0.5℃.采用水温图像降噪处理方法,自动识别出污水管道的旱天污水接入和雨天雨水接入事件,与现场调查结果一致.因此,该方法对污水管道入流的动态识别定位具有可靠性.     

Ozone episodes during and after the 2018 Chinese National Day holidays in Guangzhou: Implications for the control of precursor VOCs

The impact of reducing industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on ozone (O₃) pollution is of wide concern particularly in highly industrialized megacities. In this study, O₃, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOCs were measured at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta region during the 2018 Chinese National Day Holidays and two after-holiday periods (one with ozone pollution and another without). O₃ pollution occurred throughout the 7-day holidays even industrial emissions of VOCs were passively reduced due to temporary factory shutdowns, and the toluene to benzene ratios dropped from ∼10 during non-holidays to ∼5 during the holidays. Box model (AtChem2-MCM) simulations with the input of observation data revealed that O₃ formation was all VOC-limited, and alkenes had the highest relative incremental reactivity (RIR) during the holiday and non-holiday O₃ episodes while aromatics had the highest RIR during the non-pollution period. Box model also demonstrated that even aromatics decreased proportionally to levels with near-zero contributions of industrial aromatic solvents, O₃ concentrations would only decrease by less than 20% during the holiday and non-holiday O₃ episodes and ozone pollution in the periods could not be eliminated. The results imply that controlling emissions of industrial aromatic solvents might be not enough to eliminate O₃ pollution in the region, and more attention should be paid to anthropogenic reactive alkenes. Isoprene and formaldehyde were among the top 3 species by RIRs in all the three pollution and non-pollution periods, suggesting substantial contribution to O₃ formation from biogenic VOCs.     

基于熵权模拟评价模型的西安市水资源价值核算

区域水资源价值的准确核算是科学制定水价的基础。针对水资源价值核算体系的复杂性,本文基于熵权模拟评价模型,对西安市水资源价值核算进行研究。选取水资源数量、质量以及社会经济影响三个大类指标,构建了西安市水资源价值模糊评价模型,综合评价了西安市水资源价值,估算了居民用水价格。结果表明：西安市的水资源价格由2015年的10.46元?m^?3下降到2019年的10.33元?m^?3,水资源价格总体变化不大。实际水费支出仅占居民人均可支配收入的0.5%,远远低于设定的可承受指数（3%）,水价仍有部分提升空间。在不破坏水资源的公益性及保障性,不超过居民承受力的前提下,水价仍可做部分提升,从而促进市民节约水资源。本文基于对西安市水资源价值的分析,为西安市今后合理制定水价以及可持续发展提供参考。     

聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解样品测定五氧化二钒

利用聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解矿石样品测定五氧化二钒，具有操作手续相对简便、轻松、快捷等优点，与传统的硫酸－磷酸混合酸消解或采用碱熔融前处理法比较，相对误差小于１．６％，样品的添加标准回收率为９２．９％～１０３．５％。     

River channel network design for drought and flood control: A case study of Xiaoqinghe River basin, Jinan City, China

Vulnerability of river channels to urbanization has been lessened by the extensive construction of artificial water control improvements. The challenge, however, is that traditional engineering practices on isolated parts of a river may disturb the hydrologic continuity and interrupt the natural state of ecosystems. Taking the Xiaoqinghe River basin as a whole, we developed a river channel network design to mitigate river risks while sustaining the river in a state as natural as possible. The river channel risk from drought during low-flow periods and flood during high-flow periods as well as the potential for water diversion were articulated in detail. On the basis of the above investigation, a network with “nodes” and “edges” could be designed to relieve drought hazard and flood risk respectively. Subsequently, the shortest path algorithm in the graph theory was applied to optimize the low-flow network by searching for the shortest path. The effectiveness assessment was then performed for the low-flow and high-flow networks, respectively. For the former, the network connectedness was evaluated by calculating the “gamma index of connectivity” and “alpha index of circuitry”; for the latter, the ratio of flood-control capacity to projected flood level was devised and calculated. Results show that the design boosted network connectivity and circuitry during the low-flow periods, indicating a more fluent flow pathway, and reduced the flood risk during the high-flow periods.